日本式插花艺术浅论 送花礼仪

(1)概论

　　ribenshidechahua，suiranchuanzizhongguo，danzheizhongyishuzairibenquededaolegaodufazhan，xingchenglejuyouribenminzuwenhuatezhengdeyishuxingshizhiyi——huadao。

　　ribenhuadaofazhanpengbo、liupaitebieduo，qiegejutese。yaolejieribenshichahuageliupaidetedian，kexiancongqichahuadejibenzaoxingkaishi。

　　ribenshichahuadezaoxingyuanzeshangyisanzhuzhiweiguganergouchengde。zuizhangdehuazhiweidiyizhi，cizhangdehuazhiweidierzhi，zuiduandehuazhiweidisanzhi。sanzhuzhigaodibuyi，fenbiezuoyongyushangduan、xiaduanhezhongduan，ranhoujiashangzhuangshidezhishao，dadaozaoxingshangdelitihua。youyusanzhuzhizaibiaoxianchahuaxingtaifangmianyouzhezhongyaodezuoyong，yinciyouchengwei“yizhi”，bingfenbiedaibiaozhetiandirensancai。

　　tiandirenzaigouchenghuaxingshangyefahuiledingweizuoyong。shangduanyizhideweizhizai“tian”，xiaduandeyizhideweizhizai“di”，erzhongduanyizhiweizhizezai“ren”。zheizhongyitiandirensanxiantiaogouchengdehuaxing，chengwei“sanxianxingshidechahua”huo“sanjiaoxingshidechahua”。

　　yousanyizhideweizhihezuoyongbutong，jiubachahuadezaoxingfenweizhen、xing、caosanzhong。“zhen”qulizixingtai，biaoshiduanzhengjingsudemeigan；“cao”quliaocaoxingtai，biaoshiziyoubenfangdemeigan；“xing”qu“zhen”yu“cao”dezhongjianxingtai，biaoshikuanshukuaichangdemeigan。

　　gaikuoerlun，ribenshichahuayixiangzhengtiandirendesanyizhigouchengjibenhuaxing，bingyizhenxingcaosanfangmianqiuquhuaxingdebianhua。

　　ribenshichahuadezhuyaoliupaiyou：chifangliu、caoyueliu、xiaoyuanliu、guliu、hongdaoliu、yuanzhouliu、songyuetangguliu、weishengliudengdeng。geliupaiduishangshusandazhuzhidejiaofabingbutongyi。

(2)日本式插花流派简介

　　①池坊流　　“chifang”chengchahuawei“lihua”，bingbazuoyongyushangduandeyizhijiao“zhen”，zhongduandejiao“fu”，xiaduandejiao“ti”。chifangchahuadeteseshi：“zhen”qiangzhuangyouli，“fu”conghoujiaocharu，“ti”zaiqianmianzhagen，quanbuyizhizuhechengqingsongshuchangdehuaxing。ciwai，fuzhuzhen、fu、tideqitazhishao，tongchengwei“duidai”。

　　chifangchahuaanzhaowanqude“zhen”zhijiaodu，juedingduihoujiaode“fu”zhijiaodu，yijiduiqianjiaode“ti”zhijiaodu，bingyizhaojiaodudedaxiao，bahuaxingfenchengzhen、xing、caosanzhong，erzhenxingcaosanzheyougezisanzhongbianhua：zhenyouzhenzhizhen、zhenzhixing、zhenzhicao，xingyouxingzhizhen、xingzhixing、xingzhicao，caoyoucaozhizhen、caozhixing、caozhicao。

　　zhendehuaxingdaduoshiyongtongxinghuaping，yichakouzhihuapingwaiyuandekuanduyuzhenzhiwanqudu，laijuedingzhenzhizhen、zhenzhixing、zhenzhicaosanzhongbianhua。

　　xingdehuaxingshiyongbomian、kuankou、huzhuangdenghuaping，yuzhendehuaxingyiyang，tayeshiyichakouzhihuapingwaiyuandekuanduyuzhenzhiwanqudu，laiqufenxingzhizhen、xingzhixing、xingzhicaode。buguoxingdehuapingbizhendehuapingkoujingdayixie；zhenzhidewanquduyekeyijiada，huamaoyejiujiaoyoudonggan。

　　caodehuaxingshiyongdehuaqifenweishuipenyushuangcengdetong、zhou、yue、guadengsuoweicaobenhuaping。shiyongshuipenshi，xiangzhenyuxingyiyangdiqubiecaozhizhen、caozhixing、caozhicao；danshishiyongcaomuhuapingshi，zeyaoyizhaozhenzhidexiachuidulaijueding。

　　②草月流　　caoyueliushiribenshichahuaxiandaihua、dazhonghuadedaibiao，chahuashitebiejiangjiuxinzhengyichengdejingshen，neihanzhechonggaodelixiang，xingtaiyaoshengdong，sediaoyaodiaohe，buzhiyaoshihe，zheijiushicaoyueliuchahuayuzhongbutongdetese。

　　caoyueliuhuaxingfen“jibenhuaxing”he“yingyonghuaxing”。jibenhuaxingshihuaxinggouchengdeyuanze，fenweizongzhangchafade“lizhenxing”，hengzhangchafade“qingzhenxing”，shuipingchafade“pingzhenxing”，diyushuipingchafade“chuizhenxing”dengsizhong。“yingyonghuaxing”shiyou“jibenhuaxing”zhonghuazhiweizhiyujiaodubianhuasuode，yaokaolvdaohuacai、huaqi、baifangweizhijizhuangshihuanjingdediaohe。“yingyonghuaxing”shichahuazhebiaoxianzijigexingyugouxiangdezhongyaoshouduan。

　　caoyueliuchahuazhongyisanzhizhuzhigouchenghuaxinglunkuodezhuti，diyizhuzhiwei“tian”(huochengzhen)，dierzhuzhiwei“di”(huochengfu)，disanzhuzhiwei“ren”huocheng“kong”。“tian”shizhuzhidezhongxin，yeshijuedingqitazhuzhijizuopindaxiaodejizhun，“tian”dezhangduyihuaqikoujingjiagaoduerding。dazhishangdaxinghuaxingshikoujingjiagaodudeliangbei，zhongxingshiyibeiban，xiaoxingzexiangdeng。“tian”juedinghou，“di”shi“tian”desifenzhisanzhang，“ren”shi“di”deyibanhuosifenzhisanzhang。zhuzhiyiwaidehuazhi，tongchengweicongzhi，nengqidaofuzhuzhuzhidezuoyong，shizuopinquyuwanmei。

　　③古流　　guliuyizuoyongshangduandeyizhiwei“zhen”，zhongduandewei“liu”，xiaduandewei“shou”。chuzheisanyizhiwai，haiyouzuo“zhen”buzhudezhenqian(qiantian)jifuzhen(waitian、houtian、beitian)zuo“shou”buzhudeliu，youcigouchengwuzhicha，yejiguliuchahuadejibenxingtai。

　　“zhen”yihuxingchazaihuaqizhongxin，xieduiqianfang，“liu”chazaiqianyudeyibian，“shou”zailingyibian，erba“liu”chazaiyu“liu”xiangfandefangxiang，qidaopinghengdexiaoguo，“zhenqian”yu“fuzhen”zefenbiezhiyuzhenzhideqianmianyuhoumian。guliuchahuakeyihenhaodibiaoxianliudongxingjiaoqiangdemeigan，zheishitadeyidatese。guliuchahuadehuaxingfenweizhen、xing、caosanzhong，chafazeyoubenshoucha、shouliucha、zhongliucha、liuliucha、liuchadengwuzhong。zhendehuaxingweibenshouchayeshiguliuchahuadejibenxingtai。

　　zai“benshoucha”zhongjigezhizhangdujiandebiliguanxi，yizhen100weibiaozhun，zeliu80，shou50，zhenqian70，liu40。

　　ba“shouliucha”yu“benshoucha”xiangbi，“shouliucha”zhongzhen80，liu65，douduanyu“benshoucha”，ershouyue50zhi80，liu50zeshaoweizhangxie。“shouliucha”shiqiangdiaotiandirensanzhezhong“di”zheibufendechafa。

　　“zhongliucha”youwei“zhongduanliu”。zheizhongchafade“shou”yu“liu”tong“shouliucha”deqingkuangzhenghaoxiangfan：shouzhisuoduan，charubenlaishiliudeweizhi，liuzhizejiazhang。“zhongliucha”shiqiangdiaotiandirensanzhezhongde“ren”zheibufenchafa。

　　“liuliucha”yu“shouliucha”dechulixiangleisi，zhishibi“shouliucha”jiaoweiqiangdiao“liu”debufen。

　　“liucha”ruyizhenzhiwei100，zeliuzhiwei120，mingxianzhangchuxuduo，biaoxianchuqiliuchangzhimei，zhuyaochahuazaiyue、zhou、shuangcengtong、sancengtongdehuaqishang。

　　④宏道流　　hongdaoliuchahuadetedianshibucaiyongtiandirendelinian，erbashangduanyizhimingwei“yizhi”，zhongduanmingwei“erzhi”，xiaduanmingwei“sanzhi”，lingzengxiaojiao、kong、yuetongnei、liuneidengercuchenghuaxinglitihua。

　　hongdaoliudedaibiaohuatishi“qingcaoti”，qitashangyou“jiangliti”、“jiancuiti”、“qiuheti”、“pusati”、“reerti”、“youjiti”、“yanyangti”、“chaomaoti”、“zhongyinti”deng。zheixietibingbushiyizhenxingcaohuafende，ershiyouhuacaidetese、chafadeyixiangyuquwei、jianchadeshijian、changsuojimudedengjifangmiansuojuedingde。qizhong“qingcaoti”shizhongbeicaiyongweihongdaoliudejibenti。

　　⑤远州流　　yuanzhouliuyuchifangyiyang，bachahuachengwei“lihua”，tianzhiming“zhen”，renzhiming“xing”，dizhiming“liu”。yuanzhouliuhuaxingjiyizhen、xing、liuweigugan，bingfuyiqitabixudechenzhierzucheng，bingbianhuachugezhongbutongdehuaxing。

　　zaizhen(tian)、xing(ren)、liu(di)sanzhizhiwaizaizengjiazhentian(ri)、jian(yue)、neidong(xing)、xiaoyu(chen)sizhi，youzheiyangqiyizhigouchengdehuaticheng“qiduan”。ruguozaijiashangwaidong(qian)、liuzhen(kun)liangzhi，zeyoujiuyizhi，gouchengdehuaticheng“jiuduan”。yuanzhouliuba“qiduan”yu“jiuduan”dehuatizuoweitadejibenhuaxing。

　　yuanzhouliudeyizhiyitongxinghuapingliangbeizhijingdeyuan(yuanxiang)weijizhun。womenjiadingzheiyuanzhifangzaihuapingzhishang，zhenzhixuchenghuxingshenzhan，jianduantupoyuanquan；zhentianyujianzhi，geyanzhezhenzhidefangxiangzaiqianhoufazhan；xingzhichazaizhenzhiwanqutumiandeqianyu；liuzhizechazaiqixiangfanfangxiang，quanbudoubaohanjiadingdeyuanquannei。

　　yuanzhouliudehuaxingyouyizhishuliangjixingtaibianhua，fenchengzhen、xing、caosanzhong。zhenyoucheng“zhenggehuaju”，chuzhenzhiyiwaihuazhidouyaoshouruyuannei；xingyoucheng“biangehuaju”，chuzhenzhiwaiyouqitayizhitupoyuandefanwei；caoyecheng“pogehuaju”，zhenzhituchuyuanwaibingxianshichuwanqudexingtaizhimei。

　　yuanzhouliuchafalingyoubenshengshou(youshengshou)，fanshengshou(zuoshengshou)、youhua、zuohuadequbie。zongzhi，yifengfudequxianbiaoxianchuqingxiuyanlidehuayi，naishiyuanzhouliuchahuadetese。

　　⑥松月堂古流　　songyuetangguliutongyangchengchahuawei“lihua”，you“zhenghua”、“xiangling”、“tongyong”、“ti”、“liu”wuzhigouchenghuaxing。“zhenghua”weiyuzhenggehuatidezhongxin，“xiangling”xianshichushendu，“tongyong”juedinghuatidekuanduheshendu，“ti”xiangqianshenchu，yu“liu”yiqishoujinhuati。“zhenghua”yu“xiangling”xiangdangyu“tian”，“tongyong”xiangdangyu“ren”，“ti”yu“liu”zexiangdangyu“di”，yincisongyuetangguliuyeshilibukaitiandirensancaidelinian。

　　“zhenghua”degaodubeixianzhizaihuapinggaodudeyizhiliangbeifanweizhinei。“zhenghua”jiaoduanshi，yiqizonggaoduweishi，zaixiasishangliudeweizhi，zuozuidadewanqu，bingyinchu“tongyong”zhi，qitayizhiyeyiciweibiaozhunlaiquedingweizhi。“zhenghua”jiaozhangshi，zeyiqigaoduzuoshiwujisuan，zaishangliuxiajiudeweizhiwanqu，bingyinchu“xiangling”zhi。zheijiushichengwei“siliufen”、“jiuliufen”dewutifengechafa。qianzheshiyizuoqiudong，houzheshiyizuochunxiadejibenhuaxing。

　　geyizhikeyifufuzhiyizengjiabianhua，cijiao“fenti”，zuiduonengzhankaidaoershiwuti；you“zhenghua”kuweihou，qitasizhijixujianchazhe，jiaozuo“songti”；zhidexiabubufashengzuoyong，yaocongshanghuayaojiaoguolaidianbuzhejiao“huli”。zheiyejiushisongyuetangguliude“fentisonghu”chahuatese。

　　songyuetangguliudehuaxingfenwei“zhen”、“xing”、“zou”，fenbiexiangzhengzheyueliangdeyuanqueqingkuang。“zhen”zhideshimanyue，“zhenghua”yanzhezhongmo(zhongxinchuizhixian)songli。“xing”yu“zou”xiangzhengzhebutongshijiandexianyue。“xing”dezhenghuawanqu，qihuxianpianlichuizhixianmanyuezhijingde1/8，“tongyong”zhizuo45°jiaoxiangqianqingxie。“zou”dezhenghuawanqu，qihuxianpianlichuizhixiandamanyuezhijingde1/4yishang，“tongyong”zhize40°xiangqianqingxie。

　　⑦未生流　　weishengliuyoubachahuachengwei“gehua”，yixiangzhengtiandeyuanhedidefang，jiyouzheiliangzheweizhisuojuedingdezhijiaodengyaosanjiaoxinglaigouchengjibenhuaxing，bingbiyuzuoyulinermingweilinxing。shedingdezhijiaodengyaosanjiaoxingweilizizhe，jiaolilin(zhilin)，erweihengzizhe，jiaohenglin。zaizheisanjiaoxinglinzhongpeizhi“ti”、“liu”、“yong”suoweitiandirensanduanzhi：zuigaozhijiao“ti”，zhongjianzhijiao“yong”，zuidizhijiao“liu”。sancaigejiushishiyongzheisanyizhisuogouchengdejibenxinghuaxing。

　“ti”chenghuxian，chayuqianyu，dingbuqiahaozaigenbudezhengshangfang；“yong”yanzhe“ti”dehuxianershendaozhongjian，chazaiyu“ti”tongfangxiangdeqianyu；“liu”chazai“yong”xiangfanfangxiangdeqianyu，weizhibi“yong”gengdi。zheisancaigejiashang“xiangsheng”、“wa”liangzhi，genggouchengwuxinggedehuaxing。“xiangsheng”weizhizai“liu”dexiangfanfangxiang，zuoyongyu“ti”yu“yong”zhijian；“wa”zeru“yong”dexiangfanfangxiang，zuoyongyu“ti”yu“liu”zhijian。

　　huaxingyouzhen、xing、caodesantaibianhua，genggezizhankaiweisanzi，chengwei“santaijiuzi”。zhendehuaxing，yoururenlizhengbanyansuduanfang，zaisantaizhonggediaozuigao。tizhidewanquduhenxiao，yiyihuoxianweixiandu，yongzhiyexianyuerhuoxian。xingdehuaxing，jiuhaoxiangrenzouludezitai，huodongkongjiankuoda，tizhidewanquyaodayuzhen，dadaoerhuoxiandexiandu，yongzhidedagaiweizhizaisanhuoxianqianhou。caodehuaxing，rurenbenpaodezitai，huodongkongjiangengjiakuoda，tizhiwanquduzaiyaodayuxing，dadaosanhuoxiandexiandu，eryongzhizegengzaiwuhuoxianchu。

　　潇洒洗练，有紧张感，这即为未生流格花的美学特征。